Mohammad Raoof Heidari Far; Negin Rasoli
Abstract
America's political strategy and norms in dealing with countries are not uniform and have a different nature, and the US strategy in the Middle East as one of the most geopolitical and geoeconomic areas has not been excluded. Different religions, oil and gas resources, the formation of the State of Israel, ...
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America's political strategy and norms in dealing with countries are not uniform and have a different nature, and the US strategy in the Middle East as one of the most geopolitical and geoeconomic areas has not been excluded. Different religions, oil and gas resources, the formation of the State of Israel, regional and global rivalries of major powers such as China and Russia, Iran's nuclear issues, etc. have caused the US to pay more attention to its international equations in the Middle East. In this study, the reasons for changing and diversifying US strategies towards Middle East with Iran's focus were investigated. The research method is descriptive-field research and the research hypotheses were investigated using Spearman correlation method, model closest to ideal solution (topsis) and Shiite geoculture and questionnaire adjustment. The results of the study showed that most of all, adopting different US strategies and insisting on staying in the Middle East is the question of its current and future energy supply for its industries (sig = 0.304), Also in terms of geopolitical weight among the Middle East countries is Iran (Di = 0.14356), which has attracted most US strategic attention, In other words, the biggest obstacle to achieving US goals is Iran, And finally, the Shiite geoculture is one of the most important factors that make US policies (especially Israel, the energy market and the presence of Russian and Chinese rivals) in the region particularly problematic in Shiite countries.
Mohammad Raoof Heidari Far; Davood Mohseni Poor
Abstract
Development is a comprehensive process of economic, social, cultural and political activities that aims to continuously improve the lives of the entire population. The fair distribution of resources is one of the main pillars of development. Reducing spatial inequality and eliminating the economic and ...
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Development is a comprehensive process of economic, social, cultural and political activities that aims to continuously improve the lives of the entire population. The fair distribution of resources is one of the main pillars of development. Reducing spatial inequality and eliminating the economic and social dichotomy is considered as one of the main goals of development because the imbalance in development between different regions creates gaps and intensifies regional and spatial inequality, which is itself an obstacle to national development. Kermanshah province is not in favorable conditions in terms of the level of development, despite its much potential such as long border, centrality of the west, good climate and suitable soil and vegetation, surface and groundwater resources, abundant labor, rich civilization and historical, ancient monuments, tourist attractions, abundant natural and mineral resources and fossil resources. The main question of the research is why all the above potentials could not bring Kermanshah province to a standard level of development? What are the obstacles holding the province back from development and what is the solution to overcome them? Also, how much does each city in the province benefit from the amount of development and what is the relationship of underdevelopment with the distance from the center of the province? To answer the above questions, statistical and descriptive data and information were used and the obtained data was analyzed in Excel, SPSS and ARC GIS software based on statistical models and methods such as Spearman's correlation, hierarchical analysis model and Combined SWAT analysis, HD index. The results showed that the most important obstacle to the development of the province is the lack of budget allocation, the lack of infrastructural industries, and the lack of investment of the government and other non-governmental actors. The best strategy to deal with the existing conditions is the planning by the government and private sectors in order to revive closed and semi-closed factories, the planning for infrastructure facilities construction, allocating funds and attracting foreign investors.
Mohammad Raoof Heidari Far
Abstract
Political geography study important concepts, patterns, currents, events, and processes in various scales throughout the world. This kind of geography involve and debate about the concepts such as personal space, domestics, neighborhoods, proximities, city, village, province, area, region, territory, ...
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Political geography study important concepts, patterns, currents, events, and processes in various scales throughout the world. This kind of geography involve and debate about the concepts such as personal space, domestics, neighborhoods, proximities, city, village, province, area, region, territory, districts, country, continent, hemisphere, or perhaps planet earth. Also each of these spaces has their own specific purposes and meanings for people and each one defined by another one accordingly. Every person has particular personal space with invisible borders and limits around his body, which those intruders and uninvited guests have no place in it. We have always faced with this type of space and if others have interference on it we will feel fear and worry. Now days, personal space problems by attend to development of technology and media equipment needs to new approach and new definition. Definitely, familiarity with this concept helps people and allow person to cross and exceed from personal limits and confines in his human relationships. In addition, each individual can create reliable and lovely imagine of his audience in his mind, while he consider and adhere to these rituals and habits among his social and individual interactions. The main purpose of this article is to study the territoriality among individual personal space of Kermanshah city. So, this question has been mad that whether or not personal space available in the city. The methodology of this study is based on analytical and descriptive way, and the data collecting has been done by questioner and by used of Spss software. The discussion is basing on personal privacy or friendly distance, social distance, popular distance, culture and relational space. The society which discussed here involves the different and educated classes of Kermanshah province and the sample studied involve 299 people whom selected randomly by odd and even. The results show that the behavior that existed among animals and humans which called territoriality means everyone have specific space that surrounding his body and carry it which is specific for them. Also, personal spaces in different places have different meaning and some limited is necessary and inevitable generally one feels safe by this personal space. However, it is being concluded that personal space are available through the city while purpose of the article are made too.
Mohammad Raouq Heidari Far; parviz solimani moghadam; Iqbal Pahkideh; Nazir Moradi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
Voting is the most common type of political participation for most citizens in democratic societies. Voting is actually a kind of social mechanism for collecting and identifying social options and preferences. The most fundamental function of voting participation ...
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Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
Voting is the most common type of political participation for most citizens in democratic societies. Voting is actually a kind of social mechanism for collecting and identifying social options and preferences. The most fundamental function of voting participation is the opportunity to replace and transfer posts and responsibilities in society. Since the level of citizen participation in elections is one of the indicators of the legitimacy of the political system in many countries, Iran’s government system emphasizes the maximum turnout. The maximum turnout in the elections increases the confidence of the electors and increases their authority in decision-making. In this regard, the present study aimed to investigate the role of motivational factors and social resources in participation in the tenth parliamentary elections among the citizens of the city of Shahoo, using the micro level “Theoretical Model of Norris Political” participation.
2. Review of Literature
Nowadays, one of the main manifestations of democracy is elections. Democracy is not possible without elections, and a country without elections actually lacks democracy. Indeed, with the formation of democracy and the development of universal suffrage, elections have become one of the most important manifestations of political life in today's world.
Given the multiplicity and diversity of approaches and theories about political participation one of the methods for explaining political participation, especially voting participation, is to classify the variables and factors involved in explaining political participation. This method typically refers to two categories of micro (individual) and macro factors in explaining political participation, and in particular voting participation.
At the micro level, two theories are mentioned: resource theory and motivational theory. In resource theory, it is believed that those with more resources exhibit higher levels of political participation. These resources may be material or spiritual, but the greater the amount of resources available to individuals, the more likely they are to contribute. Education, income, leisure, communication, and organizational skills are the most important sources of political participation. In motivational theory, motivational factors vary, and may range from material motivations to value and attitude motivations. Experts have pointed to a variety of non-material motives, most notably: interest in politics, a sense of effectiveness, a feel of duty (of civic, national or religious), political confidence, and political values.
Method
The present study is a survey research with the aim of exploring the role of motivational factors and social resources in the political participation of citizens of the city of Shahoo in the 10th parliamentary elections in the Ravansar constituency. The approach used in this analysis is to use the micro level of "Theoretical Model of Norris Political Participation" and the role of motivational factors and social resources on election participation among citizens of the city of Shahoo. Required data were collected through documentary and field sources. Norris's social resources such as education, income, religion, political trust, political interest, internal political effectiveness, and participatory skills were included as the center of gravity of the questionnaire. SPSS software and chi-square tests and Pearson correlation coefficient were used for data analysis. The statistical society was all citizens of the newly established city of Shahoo with a population of 3700 population. With maximum accuracy of d=0.05 and maximum variance = 0.25 and 95% confidence level, 100 people were selected by quota method.
Results and Discussion
The results of the questionnaire indicated that the majority of the respondents (about 69%) consider themselves to perform their duties and religious obligations. The most important motivating factors stated by the respondents to run in the elections are as follows: Opposition to the rival faction or candidate, improvement of the economic and livelihood status of the people to the martyrs and their families and a sense of responsibility towards the country. The motivating factors affecting men's participation in the elections are more than women's, and men are more inclined to politics and issues than women. No significant relationship was found between jobs and other variables such as interest in politics, voting, not voting, religiosity and sufficiency. But there is a significant relationship between jobs and variables such as activity, voting and motivation; there is also a significant relationship between education and interest in politics, participation in elections and voting; meaning that people with a college degree are more willing than others. The most important analytical results regarding men's age show that interest in politics is high among the younger age group. But among older people, the tendency to participate in elections declines. The relationship between interest in politics and other variables, such as the degree of religiosity and political adequacy, is reversed. That is to say, there is a greater interest in political issues among the less religious and those who feel political adequacy. The relationship between the degree of religiosity and the level of activity in groups and political competence is very weak and direct, and the relationship between religiosity and interest in political activity and political trust and motivational factors is weak and inverse, indicating a lack of relationship between religiosity and other variables studied. The relationship between political trust with interest in political activity in groups and political competence and motivational factors is direct, but is indirectly related to the degree of religiosity. The relationship between motivational factors with interest in political activity in groups and political trust is direct, and it is indirectly related to the degree of religiosity and political adequacy. This means that, with increasing interests in political issues and participation and activity in groups and increasing political confidence, the motivational factors affecting respondents' participation in the elections will increase.
Conclusion
Although with the globalization and communications revolution, our knowledge of politics has shifted and awareness has increased around the world and the country, politicization is another contrasting approach, seen in our region, and often presence and participation seem to be beyond politics and political programs, and the vote of the people of the region has a more traditional-religious basis. Finally, if we want to evaluate the elections in this part of Iran from a behavioral perspective, we cannot say absolutely which of the above models corresponds to the behavior of the people in the elections. But it can be said that, to the extent that people's choice was made consciously, the results would be better for the country.
